Spotted Flycatcher
Muscicapa striata (Pallas, 1764)
SF
SPOFL
13350
Family: Passeriformes > Muscicapidae
More streaked than spotted, this small grey-brown, long-winged flycatcher is a dashing bird of woodland, parks and gardens.
The Spotted Flycatcher is amongst the last of our summer visitors to arrive, often not being seen until late April or even early May. It breeds throughout Britain & Ireland, apart from the very far north and west.
Spotted Flycatchers spend the winter months in Africa and BTO research has shown that some head as far south as Namibia, around 7,000 km from their breeding location. A host of summer migrants are experiencing declines in their breeding populations and the Spotted Flycatcher is one of these. It has been on the UK Red List since 1996.
Exploring the trends for Spotted Flycatcher
Our Trends Explorer will also give you the latest insight into how the UK's Spotted Flycatcher population is changing.
trends explorerIdentification
Spotted Flycatcher identification is often straightforward.
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Browse training coursesStatus and Trends
Population size and trends and patterns of distribution based on BTO surveys and atlases with data collected by BTO volunteers.
CONSERVATION STATUS
This species can be found on the following statutory and conservation listings and schedules.
POPULATION CHANGE
Spotted Flycatchers have declined rapidly and consistently since the 1960s. It is among a suite of species that winter in the humid zone of West Africa and correspondingly are showing the strongest population declines among our migrant species (Ockendon et al. 2012, 2014).
The Repeat Woodland Bird Survey, however, using a set of CBC woodland and RSPB sites, detected a significant increase between the 1980s and 2003-04 in southwest England (Amar et al. 2006, Hewson et al. 2007), suggesting that change has not been uniform across Britain.
Gaps are already starting to appear in the 10-km distribution map, especially in urban areas and close to the east coast (Balmer et al. 2013). There has been a decline across Europe since 1980 (PECBMS: PECBMS 2020a>).
UK breeding population | -93% decrease (1967–2022) |
Exploring the trends for Spotted Flycatcher
Our Trends Explorer will also give you the latest insight into how the UK's Spotted Flycatcher population is changing.
trends explorerDISTRIBUTION
Spotted Flycatchers have undergone a major population decline. At the time of the 2008–11 atlas they could still be found in a high proportion of 10-km squares, but these maps may now be out of date as declines have continued. Spotted Flycacther densities were generally greatest in the north and west of the range.
Occupied 10-km squares in UK
No. occupied in breeding season | 2332 |
% occupied in breeding season | 77 |
No. occupied in winter | 5 |
% occupied in winter | 0.2 |
European Distribution Map
DISTRIBUTION CHANGE
Up to 2008–11 range losses in Britain were relatively minor: the 10% range loss was concentrated in and around major conurbations. In Ireland there has been a more substantial 21% range contraction with major losses along the west coast. The atlas abundance change map showed declines in tetrad occupancy throughout most of England, Wales and eastern Scotland since the 1988–91 Breeding Atlas.
Change in occupied 10-km squares in the UK
% change in range in breeding season (1968–72 to 2008–11) | -10.1% |
% change in range in winter (1981–84 to 2007–11) | --100% |
SEASONALITY
Spotted Flycatcher is one of our latest summer visitors, arriving through May and departing in September.
Movement
Information about movement and migration based on online bird portals (e.g. BirdTrack), Ringing schemes and tracking studies.
RINGING RECOVERIES
View a summary of recoveries in the Online Ringing Report.
Foreign locations of birds ringed or recovered in Britain & Ireland
Biology
Lifecycle and body size information about Spotted Flycatcher, including statistics on nesting, eggs and lifespan based on BTO ringing and nest recording data.
PRODUCTIVITY & NESTING
Exploring the trends for Spotted Flycatcher
Our Trends Explorer will also give you the latest insight into how the UK's Spotted Flycatcher population is changing.
trends explorerSURVIVAL & LONGEVITY
View number ringed each year in the Online Ringing Report
Maximum Age from Ringing | 8 years 0 months 3 days (set in 2012) |
Typical Lifespan | 2 years with breeding typically at 1 year |
Adult Survival | 0.493±0.033 |
Juvenile Survival | 0.465 (in first year) |
Exploring the trends for Spotted Flycatcher
Our Trends Explorer will also give you the latest insight into how the UK's Spotted Flycatcher population is changing.
trends explorerBIOMETRICS
Wing Length | Adults | 86.4±2.1 | Range 83–90mm, N=1789 |
Juveniles | 86±2.5 | Range 82-90mm, N=938 | |
Males | 86.6±2 | Range 84–90mm, N=251 | |
Females | 85.3±1.7 | Range 83–88mm, N=181 |
Body Weight | Adults | 14.5±1.2 | Range 12.9–16.6g, N=1650 |
Juveniles | 14.9±4.9 | Range 12.8–17.4g, N=845 | |
Males | 14.0±0.9 | Range 12.8–15.4g, N=224 | |
Females | 15.2±1.7 | Range 13.2–18.4g, N=158 |
Feather measurements and photos on featherbase
CODES & CLASSIFICATION
Ring size | A |
Field Codes | 2-letter: SF | 5-letter code: SPOFL | Euring: 13350 |
For information in another language (where available) click on a linked name
Research
Interpretation and scientific publications about Spotted Flycatcher from BTO scientists.
CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS
Causes of change
Demographic modelling provides evidence that a decrease in the annual survival rates of birds in their first year may have driven the decline. The ecological causes of the decline are uncertain as good-quality, direct evidence is sparse.
Further information on causes of change
Nest failure rates show little overall change (with a marginal decrease in egg-stage failure offset by an increase at the chick stage) and the number of fledglings per breeding attempt shows no trend. Though samples are too small to continue presenting a trend, there was a decrease overall in the ratio of juveniles to adults in CES captures. However, demographic modelling shows that decreases in the annual survival rates of birds in their first year of life are more likely to have driven the population decline than breeding parameters (Freeman & Crick 2003, Stevens et al. 2007). This effect on survival may operate in the pre-migration period, during migration or in the wintering quarters. The number of adult Spotted Flycatchers caught at CES ringing sites was found to have declined drastically, providing further evidence that post-fledging and overwinter survival may be important factors in the population decline (Peach et al. 1998).
Evidence for the ecological causes of the decline is sparse. Fuller et al. (2005) hypothesise that declines in large flying insects that are food to the flycatcher, or conditions either on the wintering grounds or along migration routes may be involved. However, there is little detailed evidence to directly support any of these ideas.
Data from the Repeat Woodland Bird Survey (Amar et al. 2006) showed that Spotted Flycatchers were more likely to have declined at sites with very open or very closed foliage conditions. Smart et al. (2007) also suggest this. However, overall, Amar et al. (2006) did not find that changes in habitat were significant in explaining population declines for this species. Stevens et al. (2007) found that nests in gardens fledged twice as many chicks as those in either woodland or farmland. The proximate cause of lower success in farmland and woodland was higher nest predation rates. In a follow-up study using nest cameras, 17 out of 20 predation events were carried out by avian predators and 12 of these were by Jays (Stevens et al. 2008). In terms of nesting success, farmland and woodland appear to be suboptimal when compared with gardens, providing evidence of a problem on the breeding grounds for this species, at least in these two habitats (Stevens et al. 2007). However, the absence of any change in nest failure rates (as reported above) suggests that predation has not been the main driver of the overall decline.
In Leicestershire, Stoate & Szczur (2006) found that the removal of nest predators prompted an increase in Spotted Flycatcher breeding success, especially in woodland, where nest success was lower overall than in gardens. However, Carpenter et al. (2009) found no link between presence/absence, abundance and population change of the species and avian predator abundance.
Information about conservation actions
The ecological drivers of the long-term decline are uncertain, and although there is evidence that it may be linked to first-year survival it is still unclear whether this is occurring during the post-breeding period in the UK, or whilst the species are outside the UK during migration or on their wintering grounds. It is therefore uncertain whether conservation actions taken in the UK will have any significant effect on Spotted Flycatcher abundance.
In woodland, sites with intermediate foliage conditions (rather than very open or very closed foliage) seem to be preferred (see Causes of Change section, above). Nests in woodland or farmland are more likely to be predated than those in gardens (Stevens et al. 2007) and removal of nest predators can lead to localised improvements in breeding success, although there is no evidence that avian predator abundance has population level effects (see Causes of Change section).
Links to more studies from ConservationEvidence.com
- Calcium supplementation of breeding birds: directions for future research
- Pied flycatchers prefer to nest in clean nest boxes in an area with detrimental nest ectoparasites
- Does supplementary calcium reduce the cost of reproduction in the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca?
Read more studies about Spotted Flycatcher on Conservation Evidence >
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